Queen Mary’s Restoration of Catholicism- a Failure

England.. as were to be seen in the influence of this queen mole rat bloody shame, whether we behold the shortness of her magazine or the unfortunate event of all her purposes. The unforgettable regnant tycoon bloody shame of England and Ireland did attempt to gear up the Catholic faith during her short reign of July sixth 1553 to 17th November 1558, albeit failed at this mission. She is non remembered for her colourful reign with cacophony sounding triumphs nor peaceful approaches to English society.In fact she is established in muniment as flaming(a) bloody shame, a callous character, who viciously ruin Protestants their flesh scents pouring into the streets of England and lucent cries hauntingly echoing. Her legacy is remembered by many as a failure to restore universality during her reign. Her failed attempt of restoring the Catholic faith erect be highlighted in seven main groundss which will be accounted for in detail. Indeed, Queen bloody shames attempted indemnity o f Catholicism did get up to be a failure for many reasons.Firstly, she had get aheaded her half-brother Edward VI, who governed England on a lower floor a Protestant regime. Edward had introduced extreme changes to the Church that dramatically modify the religion to a purely Protestantism doctrine. This was to prove troublesome to reverse to a Catholic country. Secondly, bloody shame as first Queen of England and Ireland (debated whether lady Jane greyness was) had to make a powerful approach to the throne. She was burdened with the property of organism the illegitimate daughter of henry VIIIs.The fear of being ridiculed by the public stood tall and Protestants infiltrated into England from Edwards contradicting reign. Thirdly, bloody shame during her reign of course re-introduced England chthonic(a) Catholicism that, in doing so England had much more consequences at hand. These consequences major(ip)ly filled the position of radical movements much(prenominal)(prenomina l) as the traumatic Marian Persecutions which profoundly scared the Protestant followers and climaxed opposition towards her. Fourthly, Queen bloody shame married Prince Philip II of Spain and Portugal which was widely criticised and publically denounced.This accompanyingly led to the fifth reason which proved Queen bloody shames attempted payoff of Catholicism to be a failure. In war, allied with Spain, England lost Calais (in France). A one-sixth reason of failure emerges out-of-pocket to the fact that Queen bloody shame was unable to produce an heir to take out over her cognomen. Lastly, her short lived reign was abruptly caused by her untimely death in November 1558. These points will be explored more specifically. To expand the first point much is to be added.After Mary Tudor was born to heat content VIII and Catherine of Aragon into a roman print Catholic religion in 1516, henry had their wedding annulled by doubting Thomas Cranmer just over a decade of Marys birth. Thus, this left Mary with the handicap of being an illegitimate daughter. It was after Henrys third wife Jane Seymour (the plump for being Anne Boleyn) a son, Edward VI was born in 1537. This birth of a male heir dramatically and immediately impacted Marys entire life. Edward was to have a major effect on Mary position as he dominated the throne from birth. After Henrys death in 1547 Edward fulfilled this position at the young of age of nine.As Edward had been educated by Protestant tutors due to his father break with the Roman Catholic Church with his subsequent title Supreme Head of the Church of England and Ireland it meant that he was an actively practising Protestant and his uncle Edward Seymour strongly advance reform in the Church. The first attack was that of the dissolution of the Chantries, this omitted the belief of purgatory. In 1549 he announced that priests could marry. By 1552 Edward had do a series of dramatic changes that were quickly crumbling Marys beliefs.Edwa rd had introduced the concord of greens Prayer that included the abolition of stone altars with simple wooden tables and the Mass was replaced with the consubstantiation Holy Communion. However, predetermination was accepted by Edward. A position in heaven could not be bought. Protestants abroad began to migrate to England where they could freely and comfortably practise their religion without fear of being dictated as heretics. These changes completely transformed the Church of England during Henry VIII reign and more importantly were to prove more difficult for Mary to deal with during her reign.King Edward VI had died very unexpectedly from a cough that deteriorated and developed into a fever and the subsequent . difficulty in drawing his breath, and later . . compression of the organs on the right side. It was proposed he had a tumour of some sort yet he was beyond recover. He died on the 6th July 1553. Ironically, Mary Tudor became queen at the age of fifteen. Yet, England s religion now was completely antonym to that of Marys belief due to Edward, this truly contri plainlyed to her restoration of Catholicism being that of a failure.Thus, the second point emerges. As Edward was slowly passing he conducted a Devise for Succession. He denounced that his half-sister Mary should take to the throne. Not only were they simultaneously contradicting on religious terms but too, Edward was unwilling to get a telegraph line an illegitimate Queen take to the throne. This also applied to Anne Boleyns daughter Elizabeth, who was also declared a bastard. Mary was furious that Edward had declared that his cousin (once removed) Lady Jane Grey was to espouse him.However, Lady Jane Greys reign was quite ironic in the fact that she succeeded for only nine days beginning from the tenth July 1553. A proposal was announced in which barring Mary from the succession was a cause in which the young King believed. Marry stood firmly on her ground and publically announced t hat she should be made queen. By the 19th July Mary had a brewing and overwhelming add up of supporters. In Suffolk she rounded up an army of nearly twenty thousand. Soon Lady Jane Grey was accused of high treason and jailed in Towers Gentleman Gaolers apartments by Mary. She was beheaded in private.Yes, at that place was quite a rejoicing orientation with Marys now fundamental establishment as queen however, she was doomed in many respects from the beginning due to Edwardss success. The Book of Common Prayer at this stage was in full use and it hugely denounced and contrasted with her Catholic faith. Cranmers forty Two Articles proved very fortunate in the Protestant religion and were entirely difficult for Mary to dissolve due to the vast support. Another huge obstacle stood in Marys path and indeed weakened her position. This damaging figuring was the Dissolution/Suppression of the Monasteries during Henry VIIIs Anglican reign.With the Acts of Supremacy in place from 1534, He nry VIII took over Church lands. Therefore, she found it completely difficult to restore Church lands due to their ownership now in the hands of private landowners. This was a major problem that resulted in her failed attempt of Catholic restoration. A third reason exists that caused Marys failure. The Council of Trent encouraged by pontiff capital of Minnesota III lasted from 1543-1565 a revival of the Catholic faith was debated and in frightening need of restoration which was the era of the Counter-Reformation. Therefore, as the revival took place during Marys reign a lot of restoration was needed.Sadly, Mary proved ineffective here. Prior to her reign Edward had successfully dismantled Englands hundred year reign of Catholicism inside a period of six years on a lower floor Protestantism. Indeed, she immediately proved unpopular with the Protestants due to her proclamation that she was to lead England under Catholic rule. She firstly lag the Protestant leaders which were parti cipating in the Church during Edward VIs reign these included such reformers as John Roger, Hugh Latimer, John Hooper, John Bradford and Thomas Cranmer by the end of September of 1553.Mary abolished Edwards successful religious laws and restored the 1539 Six Articles which was that of the Catholic doctrine that set out once again confirming that priests could not marry. A huge contribution to Marys failure was the brutal Marian Persecutions. By 1554 Pope Julius III had reviewed and approved of the Heresy Acts. Mary I greatly abused this authority which granted her the forceful title of damn Mary. Many desired to flee the continent rather than be burned for heresy. In fact over eight hundred Protestant reformers (many of whom landed in England during Edwards reign) retire to Western Europe.By February 1555 Mary had already began her heretical burnings that were to be made her trademark. Also, by the ninth of February Mary Tudor already had four Protestants burned including that of J. Hooper and J. Roger. Thomas Cranmer too was burned as a heretic. His position was short succeeded by Marys executive governess Margaret Poles, (the 8th Countess of Salisbury) son, Reginald Pole in March 1556. Barbarically, Bloody Mary had over 283 Protestants executed the majority of them were burned. The Athenaeum or, spirit of the English Magazines statistically conveys the significant number of these innocent civilians.It states that on that point were twenty widowers, twenty-six wives, and even two infants were also involved in the executions (those mentioned were burnt). It was not surprising that a large opposition towards Catholicism emerged after the huge number of heretics were burned. Marys support became unpopular in England due to the burnings. These victims of who were burned at the stake soon were regarded as martyrs. This form of punishment was so intense that even the jurist and Franciscan theologian, Alfonso de Castro utterly denounced it.This widespread outra ge and opposition seriously change Marys reputation and moreover failed the restoration of Catholicism. It was not peaceful and definitely not popular. Fourthly, Marys failed attempt to restore Catholicism can also be based on her trades union. From a very young age plans for a suitable husband were continuously being negotiated by Henry VIII. It is quite interesting in the fact that even when she was at the age of two Henry suggested that Mary in time should marry the Dauphin, the infant son of the King Francis I of France. However, this politically changed due to a contract.Then in 1522 it was suggested that Mary should wed the twenty two year old Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, who was also her cousin. From chopping and changing of wedding plans Thomas Wolsey then proposed that an English alliance with France was secured, thus a french marriage did not have to commence. When Mary was in her late thirties it began to dawn on her that she should find a husband in hope to produce an heir. Mary was relentlessly eager not to have Elizabeth, her half-sister, forsake the throne. Charles V suggested that Mary marry his son Prince Philip II of Spain.However, in sharp contrast in England both(prenominal)(prenominal) the House of Commons and Lord Chancellor Gardiner encouraged her to marry an Englishman as they were terrified of foreign intimacy clashes with the Habsburgs. In Kent a rebellion broke out under Thomas Wyatt, the younger, which also involved the Duke of Suffolk, who was Lady Jane Greys father. They wished to cease the marriage between Mary and Philip which was about to commence. They were in favour of Elizabeth. However, they were captured and imprisoned. Nevertheless, the French style wedding proceeded on 25th July 1554 in Winchester Cathedral.Gardiner, even though in opposition with the marriage performed the ceremony which was spoke in a range of language Spanish, French and Latin as Philip could not speak English. Both in England and Spain the w edding was denounced. For Mary this immediately withdrew huge support and weakened her restoration of Catholicism. As mentioned, the wedding was nationally opposed due to contradicting countries with different affairs and policies. When Philip married Mary it meant that he was given the title King of England and a monarch like Mary, of Ireland. Also, coinage then bore both Marys and Philips head that was engraved on them.Philip had married Mary for political reason only and in fact wrote to Brussels correspondent stating that, the marriage was concluded for no fleshly consideration, but in order to remedy the disorders of this kingdom and to preserve the Low Countries. This then leads the question to a fifth reason. In July 1557 Philip, confident with more power was eager to renew a war with France he urged for Mary to support, which she did with little hesitation nor reluctance. Advisers begged Mary that England was in an unstable state to wedge a war due to continuous bad harvest s meant that they lacked both food and finance.To make matters even worse was the fact that Pope Paul IV was allied with the French force under Henry II. This aided in Marys failure to restore Catholicism. Disaster occurred again at a huge defeat in January 1558 when the French forces took Englands only colony on the European mainland, Calais. This defeat really was not needed. It positioned England in a very problematic state with attacks (which were more minor to the Battle with France) in the Pale area in Dublin, Ireland due to the Plantations that were in progress during the Tudor Dynasty.Marys reign was becoming completely tattered at this point to the extent of several and continuous faults. They all surrounded the failure of her attempt to restore Catholicism which was her main aim. As Philips marriage to Mary was solely based on political aspects Mary plans were different. Mary Tudors initial plan for marriage was in hopes to produce an heir to abdicate the throne. Elizabeth was Protestant and Mary did not intend to witness her enforcement of Catholicism (even though a failure) be diminished. Thus, this springs a sixth reason as to why Marys Catholic restoration was a failure.In short, she could not produce a child due to medical reasons later devised, yet to elaborate there is more to the story. It was in September 1554 Mary began to show signs and symptoms of a pregnant woman. Of course, she stopped menstruating, her weight change magnitude and she suffered from nausea in mornings and evenings. By April 1555, her child was expected and even Elizabeth, who had been arrested since the Wyatt Rebellion, made an appearance at the wait event. However, even Philip was unsure of the pregnancy. He even wrote in a letter to Maximilian of Austria (his brother-in-law) portraying his disbelief, he quotes . . the queens pregnancy turn out not to have been as certain as we vista. Even Susan Clarencieux (a lady in waiting), who was a friend of Mary Is, did begin to doubt that a child was present in her whom. Even by July Mary still showed signs of being pregnant yet no child emerged and it was believed that she suffered from a phantom pregnancy. perchance, she desired to have a child to succeed her that she was willing to create a tale. Her inability to produce an heir automatically meant that Elizabeth was next in line to the throne.This condition which Mary possessed meant that an heir under her faith would not be able to succeed the thrown. This was a huge catalyst that failed her attempted restoration of Catholicism. Lastly, the ultimate cause of Marys failed restoration of Catholicism was due to the fact that her reign from 19th July 1553 was disturbed by her untimely death on 17th November 1558. It was proposed that she had died of an ovarian cyst or even a tumour which had caused her to believe (prior to her death) that she was pregnant. Philip was not in England at the time but in Brussels.He as he states, he felt a bonnie regret for her death. To conclude, there were seven main reasons for Marys failed attempt to restore Catholicism. Possibly if she had lived longer she could have improved her position of the throne most importantly the restoration of Catholicism. 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